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Mongol Empires (Around 1200 - 1550 C.E.)
The Mongol Empires began as nomadic pastors led by Temujin, later named Genghis Khan after uniting the Mongol clans. They built their empire through conquest and intimidation, mobilizing the entire male population in time of war. Genghis Khan is believed to have said, "Submit and live. Resist and die." The Mongols built the largest empire in world history, controlling Central Asia, Tibet, Northern China, and Persia. In 1215, the Mongols destroyed present-day Beijing. After the death of Genghis Khan, his empire was divided amongst his four sons into the Yuan, the Persian Ilkhanates (Khanate of Central Asia and the Ilkhan Empire), and The Golden Horde in Russia. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan, but failed due to typhoon winds that destroyed their fleet. The large empire lasted only a few generations, as the Mongols did not have a large population to maintain the vast territories. Overspending and inflation, plus weak leadership after Kublai Khan led to the decline of the Mongols.
The Mongol Empires began as nomadic pastors led by Temujin, later named Genghis Khan after uniting the Mongol clans. They built their empire through conquest and intimidation, mobilizing the entire male population in time of war. Genghis Khan is believed to have said, "Submit and live. Resist and die." The Mongols built the largest empire in world history, controlling Central Asia, Tibet, Northern China, and Persia. In 1215, the Mongols destroyed present-day Beijing. After the death of Genghis Khan, his empire was divided amongst his four sons into the Yuan, the Persian Ilkhanates (Khanate of Central Asia and the Ilkhan Empire), and The Golden Horde in Russia. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan, but failed due to typhoon winds that destroyed their fleet. The large empire lasted only a few generations, as the Mongols did not have a large population to maintain the vast territories. Overspending and inflation, plus weak leadership after Kublai Khan led to the decline of the Mongols.
Yuan Dynasty (China)
Kublai Khan defeated the Southern Song and China fell under foreign rule in 1279. He created a Chinese style dynasty with a fixed and regular tax system. Foreigners were in charge of the government and the Chinese were consciously separated from the Mongols. Through Mongol protection and pacification of overland trade routes, trade grew under the Yuan. |
The Ilkanates (Middle East) Kublai's brother Hulegu defeated the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258. The Mongols employed local bureaucrats to govern and converted to Islam by 1295. Local rulers were permitted to rule as long as they kept order and paid taxes. Unlike in China, the Mongols mixed with the local people.
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The Golden Horde (Russia) - The Mongol ruler Batu conquered and ruled Russia. He kept local rulers in place to administer, and Russian bureaucrats collected taxes from the peasants. Missionaries were allowed to visit, but the Mongols converted to Islam.
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